Abstract: In the nuclear fusion process that is permanently produced in the stars (suns) there is a thermonuclear reaction that uses as the main raw material the very first isotope of hydrogen, namely... Abstract: In the nuclear fusion process that is permanently produced in the stars (suns) there is a thermonuclear reaction that uses as the main raw material the very first isotope of hydrogen, namely the Protium. This process is possible due to the huge temperatures and the unimaginably high pressures existing inside a star. At very high temperatures and pressures, matter begins to break even at the nuclear level. The nucleons split off and then reunited to form other types of nuclei. If it was initially thought that temperatures of tens or even hundreds of millions of degrees would be needed, today it is already proven that a minimum needed is about 40 trillion degrees. Such huge temperature is very very difficult to be achieved on the Earth right now. For this reason, a compensatory solution would be the production of the nuclear fusion reaction with accelerated particles. For this reason, we want to express a major idea, namely the shift to the next hydrogen isotope, 3H, Tritium, which is much less stable compared to the first two, with its widespread use for the achievement of nuclear-merging energy, here on the Earth. Keywords: Nuclear fusion, Tritium, Triton, Hydrogen isotopes, Nuclear energy. Introduction The field of energy development is the field of activities aimed at obtaining all possible sources of energy from natural resources. All of these activities include the production of conventional, alternative and renewable energy sources, as well as the recovery and re-use of energy that would otherwise be scattered. Energy conservation actions and the whole range of energy efficiency measures reduce demand for energy development and can benefit society by improving environmental issues. A simple, permanent way of efficiency and reduction of world energy consumption was represented by the software. By introducing the software, energy consumption has dropped drastically, so we can assert with certainty that in the future and continually, the implementation of new, superior software in all areas of industrial and civilian development will continue to produce a certain decrease continuing global energy consumption. The new technologies that have been implemented have also led to a drastic reduction in energy consumption and to achieving a superior global energy efficiency. All companies use energy for transport, production, lighting, heating, air conditioning and communication for industrial, commercial and domestic purposes. Energy resources can be classified as primary resources if the resource can be used substantially in its original form or as a secondary resource where the energy source needs to be transformed into a more convenient form. All non-renewable resources are already exhausted at this time significantly due to human use over time, which has led to more and more new energy sources being introduced. While renewable resources are produced through ongoing processes that can support unlimited human exploitation, that is to say, they also have the character of sustainability, classical resources are largely consumed. The issue of classical energy resources is not only their disappearance but also the fact that they have polluted the blue planet very much over time. It is hoped that through the increasingly quantitative use of new energy resources mankind will succeed to deploy the planet, which we all inhabit, and that we must take care to arrange it properly, preserve it, and transmit it to generations future. Hundreds of thousands of people work in the energy industry. The conventional industry includes the oil industry, the natural gas industry, the electricity industry and the nuclear industry. The new energy industries include the renewable energy industry, which includes the production, distribution, and sale of alternative and sustainable fuels. Nuclear energy is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which is most commonly used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear disintegration, and nuclear fusion. At present, the nuclear fission of the actinide series of the periodic table produces the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of mankind, with nuclear disintegration processes, mainly in the form of geothermal energy, and radioisotopic thermoelectric generators, in niches forming the rest. Fission power plants are one of the main methods of producing low-carbon electricity and, in terms of total greenhouse gas emissions over the life cycle, per unit of energy generated, the emission values are lower than renewable energies when they are considered as a single source of energy. The 2014 carbon footprint analysis by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that the total emission intensity of fission power shares has an average value of 12 g CO2eq / kWh, which is the lowest of all commercial cargo sources of energy. This is in contrast to coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g CO2 eq / kWh. Since the start of the sale of fusion power plants in the 1970s, nuclear power has prevented the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent that would otherwise have resulted from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power stations. In 1932 physicist Ernest Rutherford discovered that when lithium atoms were "split" by protons from a proton accelerator, huge amounts of energy were released in accordance with the principle of mass equivalence. However, he and other pioneers of nuclear physics, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein, believed that the exploitation of atomic power for practical purposes anytime in the near future was unlikely, and Rutherford had marked such "moon" expectations. In the same year, his doctoral student, James Chadwick, discovered the neutron, which was immediately recognized as a potential tool for nuclear experimentation due to the lack of an electrical charge. Experimenting with neutron bombardment led Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie to discover the radioactivity induced in 1934, which allowed the creation of radio-like elements to much less the price of natural radiance. Enrico Fermi's later work in the 1930s focused on the use of slow neutrons to increase the efficiency of induced radioactivity. Experiments bombarding neutron uranium have led Fermi to believe that he created a new transuranic element that was called hesperium. But in 1938, German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann together with Austrian physicist Lise Meitner and Meitner's nephew Otto Robert Frisch experimented with neutron-bombarded uranium products as a means of investigating Fermi's claims. They determined that the relatively small neutron divided the nucleus of massive uranium atoms into roughly equal two pieces, in contradiction with Fermi. This was an extremely surprising result: all other forms of nuclear disintegration involved only minor changes in the mass of the nucleus, while this process - called "fission" as a reference to biology - involved a complete break of the nucleus. Many scientists, including Leó Szilárd, who was one of the first, acknowledged that if fission reactions would release additional neutrons, a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction could result. Once this was experimentally confirmed and announced by Frédéric Joliot-Curie in 1939, scientists from many countries (including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and the Soviet Union) addressed their government petitions to support nuclear fission research World War II, for the development of a nuclear weapon. In 1955, the "First Geneva Conference" of the United Nations, then the largest gathering of scientists and engineers in the world, met to explore the technology. In 1957, EURATOM was launched alongside the European Economic Community (the latter is now the European Union). In the same year, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was also launched. The first commercial nuclear power plant in the world, Calder Hall in Windscale, England, was opened in 1956 with an initial capacity of 50 MW (later 200 MW). The first commercial nuclear power plant that became operational in the United States was the Reactor for Maritime Ports (Pennsylvania, December 1957). The 1973 oil crisis had a significant effect on countries like France and Japan, which relied heavily on electricity production (39% and 73%, respectively) to invest in nuclear energy. Japan's nuclear accident in 2011, Fukushima Daiichi, has led to a review of nuclear safety and nuclear energy policy in many countries and raised questions among some commentators on the future of rebirth. Germany plans to shut down all reactors by 2022, and Italy has reaffirmed its ban on electricity that generates but does not import fission-derived electricity. China, Switzerland, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, the UK and the Philippines have also revised their nuclear energy programs, while Indonesia and Vietnam still intend to build nuclear power plants. In 2011, the International Energy Agency reduced preliminary estimates of new generating capacity to be built by 2035. In 2013, Japan signed a $ 22 billion deal, in which Mitsubishi Heavy Industries would build four reactors Modern Atmosphere for Turkey. In August 2015, after 4 years of fission power generation, Japan began restarting the fission park after safety updates were completed, starting with the Sendai fusion power plant. The Nuclear World Association said that "nuclear power generation has suffered the largest drop by one year by 2012 because most of the Japanese fleet has remained offline for a full year." Data provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency showed that nuclear power plants generated a total of 2346 TWh of electricity in 2012 - 7% less than in 2011. Figures illustrate the effects of a full year of 48 Japanese power reactors that do not produce electricity during the year. It was also a permanent closure factor for eight reactor units in Germany. The problems at Crystal River, Fort Calhoun and the two San Onofre units in the US meant they did not produce any power for the whole year, while in Belgium, Doel 3 and Tihange 2 came out of action for six months. Compared to 2010, the nuclear industry produced 11% less electricity in 2012. The nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi has sparked controversy over the importance of the accident and its effect on the nuclear future. IAEA Director-General Yukiya Amano said the Japanese nuclear accident "has provoked deep public anxiety worldwide and destroyed confidence in nuclear power," and the International Energy Agency reduced its estimate of additional nuclear power generation capacity to 2035. Although Platts reported in 2011 that "the Fukushima nuclear power plant crisis in Japan has forced energy-consuming countries to review the safety of their existing reactors and questioned the speed and scale of planned expansions around the world," Progress Energy / CEO Bill Johnson commented that "Today there is an even more convincing case where greater use of nuclear energy is a vital part of a balanced energy strategy." In 2011, The Economist said nuclear power "seems dangerous, unpopular, costly and risky" and that "it is easily replaced and could be abandoned without huge structural changes in the way the world works." Earth Institute Director Jeffrey Sachs did not agree, arguing that the fight against climate change would require an expansion of nuclear power. "We will not respect the carbon targets if the core is taken off the table," he said. "We need to understand the scale of the challenge." In September 2011, the German engineering giant Siemens announced that it would withdraw entirely from the nuclear industry in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan and said it would no longer build nuclear power plants anywhere in the world. The company's chairman, Peter Löscher, said that "Siemens has concluded plans to cooperate with Rosatom, the Russian nuclear energy control company, in the construction of dozens of nuclear power plants in Russia over the next two decades." In February 2012, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of the United States approved the construction of two additional reactors at Vogtle Electric, the first reactors to be approved over 30 years after the Three Mile Island accident, but NRC President Gregory Jaczko, quoting the security concerns arising from Japan's nuclear disaster in 2011 and saying, "I can not support the release of this license as if Fukushima had never happened." Jaczko resigned in April 2012. A week after Southern was licensed to begin the major construction of the two new reactors, a dozen ecological and anti-nuclear groups sued the Vogtle plant extension project, saying "problems public safety and environmental issues from Japan Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor accident were not taken into account. " In July 2012, the trial was dismissed by the DC Circuit Court of Appeal. Countries like Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand and Norway do not have nuclear reactors and remain opposed to nuclear power. By 2015, IAEA prospects for nuclear power have become more promising. "Nuclear power is a critical element in limiting greenhouse gas emissions," the agency said, and "the prospects for nuclear power remain positive in the medium and long term, despite a negative impact in some countries after Fukushima –Daichi. The accident ... is still the world's second-largest source of low-carbon electricity, and the 72 reactors under construction at the beginning of last year were the highest in 25 years. " By 2015, 441 reactors had a net global capacity of 382.9 GW with 67 new nuclear reactors under construction. Most of the new activity is in China, where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants. In October 2016, Watts Bar 2 became the first new reactor in the United States that entered commercial exploitation as early as 1996. The future of nuclear power varies greatly between countries, depending on government policies. Some countries, many of them in Europe, such as Germany, Belgium, and Lithuania, have adopted nuclear energy disposal policies. At the same time, some Asian countries, such as China, South Korea, and India, have engaged in a rapid expansion of nuclear power. Many other countries, like the United Kingdom and the United States, have policies among themselves. Japan was a major nuclear power generator before the Fukushima accident, but since August 2016, Japan has only resumed three of its nuclear power plants, and the extent to which it will resume its nuclear program is uncertain. In 2015, the International Energy Agency reported that the Fukushima accident had a strong negative effect on nuclear power, but "the prospects for nuclear power remain positive in the medium and long term, despite the negative impact in some countries of the accident. "The AEI noted that at the beginning of 2014, 72 nuclear reactors worldwide were being built, the highest number in 25 years, and that China plans to increase its nuclear power from 17 gigawatts (GW) in 2014 to 58 GW in 2020. In 2016, the US Energy Information Administration designed for the "baseline case" that global nuclear power production would increase from 2.344 billion kWh in 2012 to 4.501 billion kWh in 2040. Most growth estimates should have been in Asia. In developing countries, such as South Korea, India and China, there is a much newer activity. In March 2016, China had 30 reactors in operation, 24 under construction and plans to build more, but according to a governmental research unit, China does not have to build "too many nuclear reactors too soon" to avoid a fuel shortage, equipment, and skilled workers. In the US, licenses for nearly half of its reactors have been extended to 60 years, two new generation III reactors are under construction at Vogtle, a double-construction project marking the end of a 34-year period of stagnation in construction civilian nuclear reactors in the US. The station operator licenses nearly half of the 104 power reactors present in the US since 2008, which have been granted extensions at 60 years. Starting in 2012, US Nuclear Industry officials expect five new reactors to be operational by 2020, all at existing plants. In 2013, four non-competitive, elderly reactors were permanently closed (Relevant state legislative attempts to close Vermont Yankee and the Indian Point Nuclear Installer). The US NRC and the US Department of Energy have launched research into the sustainability of the light water reactor, which is expected to allow the extension of reactor licenses over 60 years, provided that safety can be maintained because the loss of production capacity that does not have emissions of CO2 by withdrawing reactors "could serve to challenge US energy security, which could lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions and would contribute to an imbalance between supply and demand." Nuclear reactor research, which may last for 100 years, known as the Centurion Reactors, is already underway. There is a possible impediment to the production of nuclear power plants, as only a few companies around the world have the ability to force pressure vessels from the reactor that are needed for the most common reactor projects. Utilities around the world are delivering orders for years before any real need for these ships. Other manufacturers look at different options, including making the component itself or finding ways to make a similar object using alternative methods. According to the World Nuclear Association, in the 1980s, a new nuclear reactor started on average every 17 days, and in 2015 it was estimated that this rate could increase theoretically every 5 days, although there are no plans for this. Since 2007, Watts Bar 1 in Tennessee, which came online on February 7, 1996, was the last US nuclear reactor to go online. This is often cited as proof of a successful global campaign in the nuclear energy elimination phase. Lack of electricity, rising fossil fuel prices, global warming and heavy metal emissions from fossil fuels, new technologies such as passive plants and national energy security can renew demand for nuclear power plants. Following the deposit of Westinghouse's Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in March 2017, due to 9 billion US dollars of US nuclear construction projects, the future of the new nuclear power plant has moved largely to Asia and the Middle East. China has 21 reactors under construction and 40 planned, Russia has 7 under construction and 25 planned, and South Korea has 3 under construction, plus 4 is being built in the United Arab Emirates. The exploitation of fission power plants, excluding the contribution of nuclear fission naval reactors, provided 11% of the world's electricity in 2012, somewhat less than that generated by hydropower plants at 16%. Since electricity accounts for about 25% of human energy consumption, most of which remain in fossil fuel-based sectors such as transport, manufacturing and heating, the contribution of nuclear fission to global final energy consumption was about 2.5%. This is a little bit more than the combined world wind, solar, biopower and geothermal energy production combined, which together provided 2% of global final energy consumption in 2014. In 2013, the IAEA reported that in 43 countries 437 civil-electric fission reactors, while not every reactor produces electricity. In addition, there were about 140 vessels using the nuclear propulsion in operation, powered by about 180 reactors. Regional differences in the use of nuclear energy are high. The United States produces the largest nuclear power in the world and nuclear power supplies 19% of its electricity, while France produces the bulk of electricity in nuclear reactors - 80% since 2006. In the European Union, 30% of electricity. Nuclear power is the largest source of low-carbon electricity in the United States and represents two-thirds of the low-carbon electricity in the European Union. Nuclear energy policy differs between EU countries, and some, such as Austria, Estonia, Ireland, and Italy, do not have active nuclear power plants. In comparison, France has a large number of such facilities, with 16 stations with more units in use. Many militaries and civilian ships (such as ice) use nuclear marine propulsion, a form of nuclear propulsion. Some spacecraft were launched using reactive nuclear reactors: 33 reactors belong to the Soviet RORSAT series and one was American SNAP-10A. International research continues to improve safety, such as safe passive installations, the use of nuclear fusion and the additional use of process heat such as hydrogen production (in support of a hydrogen economy), seawater desalination and use in urban heating systems. Beginning with 2013, obtaining a net gain in energy from nuclear fusion remains a continuous area of physical research and international engineering. Production of fusion energy remains unlikely before 2050. As the commercial nuclear power started in the mid-1950s, 2008 was the first year in which no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009. In 2015, the IAEA reported that 67 nuclear power plants have been built around the world in 15 countries, including Gulf states, such as the United Arab Emirates. More than half of the 67 buildings that were built were in Asia, with 28 in China. Eight new network connections were finalized by China in 2015, and the latest reactor for connecting to the grid in January 2016 is at Kori nuclear plant in the Republic of Korea. In the US, four new-generation reactors were under construction at Vogtle and Summer, while one fifth was almost completed at the Watts Bar, all five expected to become operational before 2020. In 2013, four non-competitive reactors in the US were closed. According to the Nuclear World Association, the global trend is that the new nuclear power plants that come online are balanced by the number of old plants withdrawn. The analysis by Barry W. Brook and his colleagues on the replacement of fossil fuels in the global electricity grid in 2015 has determined that, at a historically modest and proven level, it has replaced fossil fuels in France and Sweden during each nation's construction programs in the 1980s, within 10 years, nuclear power could replace or completely eliminate fossil fuels in the grid, "allowing the world to meet the strictest greenhouse gas mitigation targets. At an international level, the price of nuclear installations increased by 15% annually between 1970 and 1990. However, nuclear power costs a total of about USD 96 per megawatt hour (MWh), most of which involve construction costs in capital compared to solar energy from USD 130 / MWh and natural gas at the lower limit of USD 64 / MWh. In 2015, the Atomic Science Bulletin revealed the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost Calculator, an online tool that estimates the total cost of electricity produced by three nuclear fuel cycle configurations. For two years now, this interactive computer is the first affordable model in general to provide a tentative look at the economic costs of nuclear power; allows users to test how sensitive the price of electricity is to a full range of components - more than 60 parameters that can be adjusted for the three nuclear fuel cycle configurations considered by this tool (single pass, limited recycling, recirculation). Users can select the fuel cycle they want to examine, modify the cost estimates for each component of that cycle, and even choose uncertainty ranges for the cost of certain components. This approach allows users around the world to sophistically compare the cost of the various nuclear energy approaches, taking into account the relevant prices for their own countries or regions. In recent years, there has been a slowdown in demand for electricity. In Eastern Europe, a number of long-term projects strive to find finance, especially Belene in Bulgaria and the additional reactors at Cernavoda in Romania, and some potential supporters have withdrawn. If the electricity market is competitive, cheaper natural gas is available and its relatively reliable future offer is also a major issue for existing nuclear projects and installations. The analysis of the nuclear energy economy must take into account who is carrying the risks of future uncertainties. To date, all nuclear power plants have been developed by public or regulated public monopolies where many of the risks associated with construction costs, operational performance, fuel price, liability for accidents and other factors have been borne by consumers than suppliers. In addition, since the potential liability of a nuclear accident is so high, the overall cost of liability insurance is generally limited/limited by the government, which the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. concluded, constituting a significant subsidy. Many countries have now liberalized the electricity market where these risks and the risk of cheaper competitors that arose before the recovery of capital costs are borne by suppliers and operators rather than by consumers, which leads to a significantly different assessment of the economy new nuclear energy plants. Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, costs are expected to increase for the nuclear power plants currently in operation and in the new nuclear power plants, due to increased demands for on-site spent fuel management and high-level design threats. The economy of the new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, as there are divergent views on the subject, and billions of dollars worth of investments are channeled into choosing a source of energy. Comparison with other forms of energy generation depends to a large extent on the assumptions regarding construction terms and capital financing for nuclear power plants, as well as on future costs of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources, as well as on energy storage solutions intermittent power sources. Cost estimates should also take into account the decommissioning costs of the plants and the storage of nuclear waste. On the other hand, measures to mitigate global warmings, such as carbon taxes or carbon emissions, could fuel nuclear energy. Just as many conventional thermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the thermal energy released by burning fossil fuels, nuclear power plants convert the energy released from the nucleus of an atom through nuclear fission that takes place in a nuclear reactor. Heat is removed from the core of the reactor through a steam-generating cooling system that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electrical energy. A nuclear reactor is only part of the nuclear energy life cycle. The process begins with mining (see the exploitation of uranium). Uranium mines are underground, exploited or in situ. In any case, uranium ore is extracted, usually transformed into a stable and compact form, such as a yellow cake, and then transported to a processing plant. Here, the yellow cake is transformed into uranium hexafluoride, which is then enriched using various techniques. At this point, enriched uranium, containing more than 0.75% natural U-235, is used to make the composition and geometry rods suitable for the particular reactor for which the fuel is intended. Fuel rods will spend about 3 operational cycles (typically 6 years in total) inside the reactor, generally until about 3% of their uranium has been fused, then moved to a spent fuel tank where short isotopes The duration of the fission can be destroyed. After about 5 years in a spent fuel pool, the spent fuel is sufficiently radioactive and heat-cooled to be handled and can be moved into dry or reprocessed storage barrels. Uranium is a fairly common element in the Earth's crust. Uranium is about as common as tin or germanium in the crust of the Earth and is about 40 times more common than silver. Uranium is present in trace concentrations in most rocks, dirt and ocean water, but can only be extracted from the economic point of view today where it is present in high concentrations. However, the current uranium resources, economically recoverable at an arbitrary price cap of USD 130 / kg, are sufficient to last between 70 and 100 years. According to the OECD in 2006, in the already identified resources, when uranium is used in current reactor technology, an 85-year uranium was estimated in the 2011 OECD Red Book, due to increased exploration, uranium known resources increased 12, 5% since 2008, this increase being transmitted in more than a century of uranium if the rate of metal use will continue at the level of 2011. The OECD also estimates 670 years of economically recoverable uranium in the total conventional resources and phosphate ores, using at the same time the current technology of the reactor, a resource that can be recovered between 60-100 USD / kg of uranium. In a similar manner to any other natural resource of metals, for each ten-fold increase in the cost per kilogram of uranium, there is an increase of three hundred thousand ores of inferior quality that would become economical. As an OECD note: Even though the nuclear industry is expanding significantly, sufficient fuel has been available for centuries. If advanced reproduction reactors could be designed in the future to efficiently use recycled or depleted uranium and all actinides, resource efficiency would be further improved by an additional eight factor. For example, the OECD has established that, through a fast-paced reactor fuel cycle, with the burning and recycling of all uranium and actinides, the actinides currently forming the most dangerous substances in nuclear waste, there are 160,000 Uranium in total conventional resources and phosphate ore at the price of 60-100 USD / kg of uranium. Current mild water networks make relatively inefficient use of nuclear fuel, especially the fractionation of only the very low uranium-235 isotope. Nuclear repair may make these wastes reusable and more efficient reactors, such as the third-generation reactors under construction, make greater use of available resources than the current generation II reactors, which make up the vast majority of reactors worldwide. The uranium market, like all commodity markets, has a volatile history, moving not only with the standard forces of supply and demand but also with geopolitical whims. It has also evolved its own peculiarities in response to the nature and unique use of this material. Historically, uranium has been exploited in countries that want to export, including Australia and Canada. However, the countries responsible for more than 30% of uranium production in the world, including Kazakhstan, Namibia, Niger, and Uzbekistan. Uranium exploitation is almost entirely used as a fuel for nuclear power plants. As a result of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, the global uranium market remains depressed, uranium prices have fallen by more than 50%, share prices, and uranium producer profitability in March 2011. As a result, uranium companies around the world have reduced capacity, postponing the new production. Before uranium is ready for use as nuclear fuel in reactors, it must be subjected to a series of intermediate processing steps identified as the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle: mining (underground or in service), enrichment and fuel assemblies; or beams. This complicated and challenging technological process is simple compared to the complexity of the market that has evolved to provide these three services. Uranium producers, with 64% of production, were Kazakhstan (36.5% of world production), Canada (15.4%) and Australia (12.0%). Other major manufacturers included Niger, Namibia and Russia. Purification facilities are almost always located in mining locations. Instead, enrichment facilities are found in those countries that produce significant amounts of electricity from nuclear power. In France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia there are large commercial plants with smaller plants elsewhere. These nations form the core of the uranium market and influence the considerable control over all buyers. The uranium market is a market for classic vendors. The uranium cartel, as it became known, was the alliance of the major uranium-producing nations. Representatives of these five countries met in Paris, France in February 1972, to discuss the "orderly marketing" of uranium. Although sounding harmless, they had a monopoly on the uranium market and decided to exercise it. World uranium demand has steadily increased since the end of World War II, largely driven by nuclear weapons procurement programs. This trend lasted until the early 1980s, when changing geopolitical circumstances as well as environmental, safety and economy concerns over nuclear power plants have reduced demand. The production of a series of large hydroelectric power stations has also contributed to global market depression in the early 1970s. This phenomenon can be traced back to the construction of the vast Aswan Dam in Egypt and, to a certain extent, the three Chinese keys. During this time large uranium stocks have accumulated. In fact, by 1985, the Western uranium industry was producing materials much faster than nuclear power plants, and military programs were consuming it. Uranium prices slid throughout the decade with a small rest, leaving the price below $ 10 per kilo for the yellow cake by the end of 1989. As uranium prices have fallen, manufacturers have begun to reduce their operations or abandon their entire activity, leaving only a few activists involved in the exploitation of uranium and causing a significant drop in uranium stocks. Since 1990, uranium requirements have exceeded uranium production. World uranium requirements have steadily increased to £ 171 million in 2014. However, many factors push both industrialized and developing nations towards alternative energy sources. The rising rate of fossil fuel consumption is a concern for nations with no reserves, especially non-OPEC nations. The other problem is the pollution level produced by coal-fired plants and, despite their immense size, the absence of economic methods to reach solar, wind or tide reserves. Uranium suppliers hope this will mean an increase in the market share and an increase in the long-term volume. Uranium prices reached a record high in 2001, costing US $ 7 / lb. This was followed by a phasing-in period, followed by a bubble that culminated in mid-2007, prompting the price to rise to around USD 137 / lb. This was the highest price (adjusted for inflation) in 25 years. The higher price during the balloon led to a new prospecting and reopening of old mines. In 2012 Kazatomprom and Areva were the first two manufacturing companies (15% of production), followed by Cameco (14%), ARMZ Uranium Holding (13%) and Rio Tinto (9%). Following the closure of many nuclear power plants after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, demand fell to around 60 kilotonnes (130 × 106 lb) per year in 2015, with further forecasts uncertain. Due to the improvement of gas centrifuge technology in the 2000s, the replacement of former gas diffusion plants, the cheaper separating work units have allowed the economic production of enriched uranium from a certain amount of natural uranium by tail rehabilitation eventually leaving a depleted uranium tail of lesser enrichment. This has reduced to a certain extent the demand for natural uranium. Unlike other metals such as copper or nickel, uranium is not marketed on an organized commodity exchange, such as the Exchange Metal Exchange in London. Instead, it is traded in most cases through contracts negotiated directly between a buyer and a seller. Recently, however, the New York Mercantile Exchange has announced a 10-year deal to secure futures on contracts and off uranium futures contracts. The structure of uranium supply contracts varies greatly. Pricing can be just as simple as a fixed-fixed price or based on different reference prices with economical built up corrections. Contracts traditionally specify a basic price, such as uranium spot price and escalation rules. In the case of escalation contracts, the buyer and the seller agree on a price that escalates over time based on an agreed formula that may take into account economic indices such as GDP or inflation factors. A spot market contract usually consists of a single delivery and is usually priced at or near the market price published at the time of purchase. However, 85% of all uranium was sold under long-term contracts for several years with deliveries from one to three years after the contract was concluded. Long-term contract terms range from two to 10 years, but usually three to five years, the first delivery being made within 24 months of the date of the contract. They may also include a clause allowing the buyer to change the size of each delivery within the prescribed limits. For example, delivery quantities may vary from an annual volume set to plus or minus 15%. One of the features of the nuclear fuel cycle is how utilities with nuclear power plants buy their fuel. Instead of buying fuel packs from the manufacturer, the usual approach is to purchase uranium in all these intermediate forms. Typically, a fuel buyer from utilities will contract separately with suppliers at each stage of the process. Sometimes the fuel buyer can buy an enriched uranium product, the final product of the first three stages, and can contract separately for manufacturing, the fourth step to eventually get the fuel in a form that can be loaded into the reactor. Utilities believe - rightly or wrongly that these options offer them the best price and services. Typically, they will keep two or three suppliers for each stage of the fuel cycle, competing for a binding deal. Sellers consist of suppliers in each of the four stages, as well as brokers and traders. There are less than 100 companies that buy and sell uranium in the Western world. In addition to selling in different forms, uranium markets are differentiated according to geography. Uranium's global trade has evolved into two distinct markets, modeled by historical and political forces. First, the western market of the world includes America, Western Europe and Australia. A separate market includes countries from the former Soviet Union or the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eastern Europe and China. Most of the fuel requirements for CIS nuclear power plants are provided from the CIS's own stocks. Often CIS manufacturers also provide uranium and fuel products in the Western world, increasing competition. Until 2015, the total uranium resources identified were sufficient for more than a century of supply based on current requirements. In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that uranium supply would be virtually inexhaustible and could, therefore, be considered a form of renewable energy. He claims that fast-growing reactors powered by naturally fed uranium extracted from seawater could provide energy at least as long as the sun is expecting a lifetime of five billion years. These reactors use uranium-238, which is more common than uranium-235 required by conventional reactors (Halliday and Robert, 1966; Harold Urey, from Wikipedia; Hydrogen, from Wikipedia; Jones, 2008; Kramer, 2011; Krane, 1987; Lucas and Unterweger, 2000; Moses et al., 2009; Petrescu et al., 2017 a-d, 2016 a-b; Petrescu and Calautit, 2016; Petrescu, 2014, 2012 a-b; Petrescu and Petrescu, 2014; Shultis and Faw, 2002; Tritium, From Wikipedia; Zerriffi, 1996). Materials and Methods Hydrogen (H) is the smallest existing element and at the same time the first in the Mendeleev's Table. It has the standard atomic weight: (1.00784, 1.00811), conventionally 1.008) and is found naturally in the form of one of its three natural isotopes, noted with 1H, 2H, and 3H. The first two isotopes of hydrogen are stable (Halliday and Robert, 1966), i.e., Protium (1H) and Deuterium (2H), while the third isotope of hydrogen (3H) is unstable with a half-life of 12.32 years. In the detail we added to the figure, one can easily see the three isotopes of the hydrogen in which the first two stable (Protium and Deuterium) are represented by black circles, and the third unstable (Tritium) is represented by a white circle (on the first vertical line in detail). All other heavier hydrogen isotopes that are known today are synthetic and have a half-life of fewer than 10 seconds (10-21 seconds). Of these, 5H is the most stable and 7H is the smallest (Lucas and Unterweger, 2000; Tritium, From Wikipedia). The 2H (or hydrogen-2) isotope is commonly referred to as deuterium, while the 3H (or hydrogen-3) isotope is usually called tritium. Symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for Deuterium and Tritium. The usual hydrogen isotope, the first, simplest and most common, neutron-free is sometimes (scientifically) called "Protium". Its ion (nucleus) is called Proton (isotope=Protium; ion=Proton). For Deuterium, symbol D or 2H, the second isotope of hydrogen, if we remove it one electron one obtains its ion (nucleus) called Deuteron (isotope=Deuterium; ion=Deuteron). For Tritium, symbol T or 3H, the third isotope of hydrogen, if one remove one electron it obtains its ion (nucleus) called Triton (isotope=Tritium; ion=Triton). First two isotopes of hydrogen, Protium and Deuterium are stable, and the third is unstable (see the first vertical line in the detail of Fig. 1). During the early radioactivity study, names were given to other heavy radioactive isotopes, but these names are rarely used today. In the nuclear fusion process that is permanently produced in the stars (suns) there is a thermonuclear reaction that uses as the main raw material the very first isotope of hydrogen, namely the Protium. This process is possible due to the huge temperatures and the unimaginably high pressures existing inside a star. At very high temperatures and pressures, matter begins to break even at the nuclear level. The nucleons split off and then reunited to form other types of nuclei. The man has always dreamed of doing something like that on the Earth. Unfortunately, the procedures are not easy to achieve. If it was initially thought that temperatures of tens or even hundreds of millions of degrees would be needed, today it is already proven that a minimum needed is about 40 trillions degrees. A such huge temperature is very very difficult to be achieved on the Earth right now (Petrescu et al., 2016°; Petrescu and Calautit, 2016; Petrescu, 2012a). At one keV is necessary a temperature of 10 million 0. At 400 keV (static calculations) is necessary a temperature of 4000 million 0= 4 billions 0. At 4 GeV=4000000 keV (dynamic calculations) is necessary a temperature of 40000000 million0= 40000 billions0= 40 trillions0 (Petrescu et al., 2016b; Petrescu et al., 2017a-d). Hardly temperatures of tens of millions and then hundreds of millions of degrees were obtained in the lab., but a such temperature of 40 000 000 of millions of degrees is very very difficult to be achieved today on the Earth. For this reason, a compensatory solution would be the production of the nuclear fusion reaction with accelerated particles. The second idea is to move on to a simpler reaction than the one that occurs in the stars. The Protium is very stable. The Deuterium is also stable, but not as the Protium. The first thought of all the specialists was to move from Protium to Deuterium. In this way, the work has been somewhat easier, and it has always been thought that nuclear fusion has already taken place on earth with deuterium, but the dream has lasted for too long since the 1980s and has not yet materialized. For this reason, we want to express a major idea, namely the shift to the next hydrogen isotope, 3H, Tritium, which is much less stable compared to the first two, with its widespread use for the achievement of nuclear-merging energy, here on the Earth (Petrescu et al., 2016b; Petrescu et al., 2017a-d). Let talk about Tritium. Tritium (having the symbol T or 3H because it is also known as hydrogen-3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The tritium nucleus, ie tritium ion (called Triton) contains a proton and two neutrons, while the core of the antitumor (the most abundant hydrogen isotope) contains a proton and no neutron. Natural tritium is rarely found on Earth, where the amount of traces is formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with the cosmic rays. It can be produced by irradiating lithium ceramic pearls or metal lithium in a nuclear reactor. Tritium is sometimes used as a radioactive marker in radioluminescent light sources for instruments and watches, and together with deuterium is used as a nuclear fuel for nuclear fusion reactions with applications in nuclear power generation as well as nuclear weapons. His name is derived from the Greek third (trítos), ie "the third" (Tritium, From Wikipedia). While tritium has several different experimentally determined values of its half-life, the National Institute of Standards and Technology lists 4,500 ± 8 days (12.32 ± 0.02 years). It decays into helium-3 by beta decay as in this nuclear equation (Resulting in a helium isotope, an electron, an electronic antineutrino and an amount of energy of 18.6 keV): 31T-> 32He1++ e-+ve+18.6keV (1) Tritium is produced in nuclear reactors by neutron activation of lithium-6. This is possible with neutrons of any energy and is an exothermic reaction yielding 4.8 MeV. In comparison, the fusion of deuterium with tritium releases about 17.6 MeV of energy. For applications in proposed fusion energy reactors, such as ITER, pebbles consisting of lithium bearing ceramics including Li2TiO3 and Li4SiO4, are being developed for tritium breeding within a helium cooled pebble bed (HCPB), also known as a breeder blanket. 63L+n-> 42He+2.05MeV+31T+2.75MeV=42He+31T+4.784MeV (2) High-energy neutrons can also produce tritium from lithium-7 in an endothermic (a net heat consuming reaction) reaction, consuming 2.466 MeV. This was discovered when the 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test produced an unexpectedly high yield. 73L+n+2.466MeV->42He+31T+n (3) Virtually a high energy neutron is introduced and is obtained another one of low energy (Zerriffi, 1996). Using high energy neutrons to irradiate boron 10, occasionally tritium and helium can be obtained (Jones, 2008): 105B+n->242He+31T (4) Results First-time Deuterium was extracted from water in 1931 by Harold Urey (Harold Urey, from Wikipedia). Small linear electrostatic accelerators have indicated that D-D reaction (fusion of two deuterium nuclei) is exothermic, even at that time. It is known that not only the second isotope of hydrogen (Deuterium) can produce fusion nuclear energy, but and the third (heavy) isotope of hydrogen (Tritium) may produce energy through a nuclear fusion. First nuclear fusion reaction it is possible between two nuclei of Deuterium and may be obtained: one Tritium nucleus plus a proton and energy, either a helium isotope with a neutron and energy (Equation 5 and 6), (Petrescu and Calautit, 2016; Petrescu, 2012a; Petrescu et al., 2016b; Petrescu et al., 2017a-d; Petrescu, 2012b; Shultis and Faw, 2002; Petrescu and Petrescu, 2014; Petrescu, 2014): 21D+21D->31T+1.01MeV+11H+3.02MeV= 31T+11H+4.03MeV (5) 21D+21D->32He+0.82MeV+1n+2.45MeV= 32He+1n+3.27MeV (6) Fusion reaction may occur and between a nucleus of Deuterium and one of the Tritium (Equation 7) and this fusion nuclear reaction may be produced more easily than one between two deuterons (Equations 5 and 6): 21D+31T->42He+3.5MeV+1n+14.1MeV =42He+1n+17.6MeV (7) An important nuclear reaction may be produced between a nucleus of Deuterium and an isotope of Helium (Equation 8): 21D+32He->42He+3.6MeV+11H+14.7MeV=42He+11H+18.3MeV (8) The isotope of helium is obtained in the reaction of 6. The reaction of the 5 generates Tritium which together with Deuterium (if one of them or both have enough energy) produce the nuclear reaction of 7 to generate a lot of energy and helium, a nontoxic, inert and very stable gas (Moses et al., 2009). For this reason, the group of nuclear reactions of fusion is an advantageous one, friendly, pure, peacefully and inexpensive (Kramer, 2011; Krane, 1987). Naturally, the Tritium appears in the nuclear reactor, only when the reaction of 1 is produced, but one may obtain more Tritium from the nuclear reaction (Equation 2): The bars of lithium are easily entered or extracted in the nuclear reactor and by this mechanism can be controlled very simple and the fusion reaction speed at any time. The reaction of the 9 can help much the reaction to the merger, by controlling its production. Lithium reserves in the earth's crust would permit the operation of melting plants for more than 1,000 years and those of the oceans could meet the needs of millions of years. Neutrons necessary for producing the reaction 9 are generated even in the reactor in the framework of the reactions 6 and 7. Raw materials to achieve nuclear fusion are the deuterium and lithium, more exactly heavy water and bars of lithium. Result in a lot of energy and helium. The reaction can be controlled easily through various methods. The reaction of the merger no tends to "get out of control" such as to the fission (being difficult to start it and easy to stop it) (Petrescu and Petrescu, 2014; Petrescu, 2014; Moses et al., 2009; Kramer, 2011; Krane, 1987). Equation 9 can generate extra energy and it is much easier to achieve on the Earth than other possibilities: 31T+31T->42He+21n+11.3MeV (9) In a nuclear reactor of this type, supplied with Deuterium, can take place and other nuclear reactions, of which the most important are (Equation 10-12): 32He+32He->42He+211H+12.9MeV (10) 32He+31T->42He+11H+1n+12.1MeV (11) 32He+31T->42He+4.8MeV+21D+9.5MeV=42He+21D+14.3MeV (12) Lithium with deuterium can still generate four other important reactions (Equation 13-16): 21D+63Li->242He+22.4MeV (13) 21D+63Li->32He+42He+1n+2.56MeV (14) 21D+63Li->73Li+11H+5.0MeV (15) 21D+63Li->74Be+1n+3.4MeV (16) Lithium can react and with hydrogen = Protium (a proton; Equation 17) or with an isotope of He (Equation 18): 11H+63Li->42He+1.7MeV+32He+2.3MeV=42He+32He+4.0MeV (17) 32He+63Li->242He+11H+16.9MeV (18) It should also be mentioned separately an extremely exciting nuclear reaction (Equation 19) that may occur between the stable isotope of boron with 6 neutrons (boron has five protons) and the first isotope of hydrogen, Protium (Hydrogen, from Wikipedia). The reaction between hydrogen and boron can be achieved more easily than others and can generate a large amount of energy plus the inert gas, He: 11H+115B->342He+8.7MeV (19) If the reaction of merger Protium-Protium can be produced only in the stars (as the Protium is a very stable isotope) on the Earth we can try the easiest to achieve the merger Tritium-Tritium (Equation 9), as the Tritium is an isotope unstable (see the diagram of the Fig. 1). In the laboratory may be carried out and the reactions between Protium and Boron (Equation 19), or Protium and Lithium (Equation 17). Discussion and Conclusions First-time Deuterium was extracted from water in 1931 by Harold Urey (Harold Urey, from Wikipedia). Small linear electrostatic accelerators have indicated that D-D reaction (fusion of two deuterium nuclei) is exothermic, even at that time. It is known that not only the second isotope of hydrogen (Deuterium) can produce fusion nuclear energy, but and the third (heavy) isotope of hydrogen (Tritium) may produce energy through a nuclear fusion. First nuclear fusion reaction it is possible between two nuclei of Deuterium and may be obtained: one Tritium nucleus plus a proton and energy, either a helium isotope with a neutron and energy (Equation 5 and 6). The isotope of helium is obtained in the reaction of 6. The reaction of the 5 generates Tritium which together with Deuterium (if one of them or both have enough energy) produce the nuclear reaction of 7 to generate a lot of energy and helium, a nontoxic, inert and very stable gas (Moses et al., 2009). For this reason, the group of nuclear reactions of fusion is an advantageous one, friendly, pure, peacefully and inexpensive (Kramer, 2011; Krane, 1987). Naturally, the Tritium appears in the nuclear reactor, only when the reaction of 1 is produced, but one may obtain more Tritium from the nuclear reaction (Equation 2): The bars of lithium are easily entered or extracted in the nuclear reactor and by this mechanism can be controlled very simple and the fusion reaction speed at any time. The reaction of the 9 can help much the reaction to the merger, by controlling its production. Lithium reserves in the earth's crust would permit the operation of melting plants for more than 1,000 years and those of the oceans could meet the needs of millions of years. Neutrons necessary for producing the reaction 9 are generated even in the reactor in the framework of the reactions 6 and 7. Raw materials to achieve nuclear fusion are the deuterium and lithium, more exactly heavy water and bars of lithium. Result in a lot of energy and helium. The reaction can be controlled easily through various methods. The reaction of the merger no tends to "get out of control" such as to the fission (being difficult to start it and easy to stop it). References Source: Free Articles from ArticlesFactory.com Ph.D. Eng. Relly Victoria V. PETRESCU Senior Lecturer at UPB (Bucharest Polytechnic University), Transport, Traffic and Logistics department, Citizenship: Romanian; Date of birth: March.13.1958; Higher education: Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Faculty of Transport, Road Vehicles Department, graduated in 1982, with overall average 9.50; Doctoral Thesis: "Contributions to analysis and synthesis of mechanisms with bars and sprocket". Expert in Industrial Design, Engineering Mechanical Design, Engines Design, Mechanical Transmissions, Projective and descriptive geometry, Technical drawing, CAD, Automotive engineering, Vehicles, Transportations. Association: Member ARoTMM, IFToMM, SIAR, FISITA, SRR, SORGING, AGIR.